Beehives operate as nature’s most complex biological factories. While often associated with honey and pollen, bees produce a much more critical substance for the colony’s survival: propolis. Commonly known as “bee glue,” this natural compound is both the mortar that ensures the hive’s structural integrity and a defensive shield against external threats. Bees use this adhesive substance to sterilize the hive, repair cracks, and block the entry of harmful microorganisms. This powerful protective mechanism has also been recognized by humans for thousands of years, finding its place in traditional practices.
What is Propolis?
Propolis is a natural substance created when worker bees mix resinous materials—collected from the buds, leaf stalks, and trunk wounds of various plants—with their own saliva (enzymes) and beeswax. Bees use this compound to maintain hive hygiene, protect against pathogens, and strengthen defenses by narrowing the hive entrance. They also use it to mummify large pests that enter the hive. This stops the pests from decomposing and spreading bacteria.
Bee production of propolis and source resins
The production process is quite laborious and is generally carried out by experienced worker bees in the colony. Bees identify resin-secreting plants, which are mostly poplar, pine, oak, birch, chestnut, and beech trees. Plants secrete these resins to protect themselves from insects, fungi, and physical damage. The bee scrapes this sticky substance with its mandibles, loads it into the pollen baskets on its hind legs, and transports it to the hive. In the hive, other worker bees take this raw resin, chew it, and add their own enzymes and beeswax to transform it into its final form. After this process, the substance is applied to the areas of the hive where it is needed.
Chemical composition: resin, beeswax, phenolics/flavonoids
The chemical makeup of propolis changes a lot. It depends on the geographic region, the local plants, and the time of year it was collected. Therefore, it is difficult to speak of a standard composition. However, a general analysis shows that raw propolis contains approximately 50% plant resin and balsam, 30% beeswax, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 5% pollen, and 5% other organic compounds. The part responsible for the main biological activity is the phenolic compounds and flavonoids within the resin. Powerful components such as quercetin, galangin, and pinocembrin form the basis of this substance’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
How Is Propolis Used? / How Is It Consumed?
The way propolis is consumed varies according to the product’s form and intended use. It is most commonly found on the market as drops (extract), spray, capsules, and topical creams. Each form has a different application target. Some are taken systemically for general immune support, while others are applied locally to specific areas such as the throat or skin. For correct use, the product’s concentration and extraction method (alcohol or water-based) are important.
Drops/Extract Dosage Principles (Adult–Child)
Extracts in drop form are the most concentrated and common way to use propolis. They are generally consumed by dripping them into water, juice, yogurt, or onto a piece of bread. For general support in adults, a daily use of 10 to 20 drops is common. In children, the dosage should be adjusted according to age and weight. Generally, half the adult dose (e.g., 5-10 drops) is recommended for children aged 4-10. However, since the concentration of each product differs, the usage instructions on the product label must be followed. It is essential to consult a specialist before starting use, especially in children.
Spray and Gargle: Frequency of Use, Tips
Sprays developed for oral and throat health provide the convenience of direct application to the target area. They are generally used for itching, dryness in the throat, or mouth sores (canker sores). The frequency of use is typically 3-4 times a day in acute situations, and 1-2 times a day for protective purposes. A tip to increase effectiveness is to avoid eating or drinking anything for about 15-30 minutes after using the spray. Gargle forms are usually prepared by mixing a few drops of the alcohol-based extract with a small amount of warm water. This mixture is used to support oral hygiene.
Topical (Cream/Ointment) Usage Notes
Creams, ointments, or lotions containing propolis are applied externally to the skin. They are preferred in the care of minor abrasions, superficial cuts, and mild burns due to their properties that support the skin’s renewal process. Application is usually done as a thin layer on cleansed skin, 1-2 times a day. These products should not be applied to open, bleeding wounds. It is recommended that people allergic to bee products test the product on a small area of skin (patch test) before using it on a large area.
Capsule/Tablet: Doctor Approval and Concomitant Use
The capsule or tablet form is a practical alternative for those who do not want to experience the bitter and sharp taste of propolis. Those looking for ease of use may also choose this form. This form provides systemic support by being absorbed through the gastrointestinal system. The daily intake amounts for capsule or tablet forms vary by product. People who use regular medication, especially those undergoing anticoagulant or antibiotic therapy, must consult a health professional before starting this supplementation. If multiple supplements are taken, care must be taken that the ingredients do not overlap.
Potential Benefits of Propolis (Research Summary)
This natural hive product has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years thanks to its rich biochemical content. Modern scientific research is examining the potential health effects of propolis due to the flavonoids and phenolic compounds it contains. This research focuses particularly on the substance’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. Although most of the findings are promising, it should be remembered that many of them are still at the laboratory or animal study level.
Immune Support and Antiviral Findings
The most well-known use of propolis is to support the immune system. This compound, thought to stimulate the body’s natural defense mechanisms, has been studied especially against viruses associated with the common cold and upper respiratory tract infections. Some laboratory studies have shown that the compound can make it difficult for viruses to attach to cells and multiply. Some small-scale clinical observations have indicated that regular use may reduce the frequency of catching a cold. It has also been suggested that it may shorten the symptom duration by 1-2 days.
Oral and Dental Health Applications
Its antimicrobial properties make propolis a valuable candidate for oral hygiene. It may suppress the growth of certain bacteria known as the primary cause of dental caries. With this effect, it can help prevent plaque formation and gum inflammation (gingivitis). Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects may contribute to the faster healing of canker sores and small wounds in the mouth. In some studies, it was observed that gargles containing propolis concentrations of 0.5% to 2% positively supported the oral flora.
Support for Skin Wounds and Burns
The topical use of propolis focuses particularly on skin repair. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory effect, it helps reduce inflammation in the injured area. At the same time, it may accelerate the wound healing process by promoting new cell formation (skin regeneration) and collagen production. It has been noted that when applied especially to 1st degree (mild) burns and superficial abrasions, it supports healing by protecting the area against infections. These repairing effects on the skin are also related to the antioxidant capacity of the flavonoids it contains.
Who Should Not Use It? Warnings and Side Effects
Although propolis is a natural product, it is not suitable for everyone, and its unconscious use carries some risks. While generally considered safe for most healthy individuals, caution should be exercised, especially in people with allergic constitutions and those with chronic conditions. As with any supplement, it is important to assess the potential risks before starting use.
Bee Product Allergy/Asthma Risk
The most serious risk is a known allergy to bee products (honey, royal jelly, pollen). The use of this supplement by these individuals can lead to severe allergic reactions. Symptoms can range from skin rashes and itching to shortness of breath and more serious conditions. Additionally, it is known that some asthma patients may be more sensitive to bee products. Some estimates show this rate to be around 10-15%. For this reason, it is necessary for asthma patients to either perform a patch test or consult a specialist before using it.
Drug Interactions (Anticoagulants, etc.)
Propolis can alter the effects of some medications. The most common interaction is with blood-thinning (anticoagulant) drugs. The supplement may have an effect that slows down the blood’s clotting process. If people taking blood thinners take this supplement at the same time, it can increase the risk of bleeding. Therefore, it is recommended to stop using it at least 2 weeks before a planned surgery. There are also findings that it may affect the metabolism of some antibiotics or drugs used in different treatments.
Pregnancy–Lactation; Age Limit in Children
There is not enough scientific data about its safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Since its potential effects on the mother and baby during these periods are unknown, it is recommended to avoid its use. Use should only be with expert approval. In children, especially infants under 1 year old, no bee products, including honey, should be given due to the risk of botulism and high allergy potential. For older children (usually after 2 or 4 years of age), it can be started at low doses, but a health professional must be consulted.
Possible Side Effects and Overdose Symptoms
Apart from allergic reactions, propolis can cause some side effects when taken in high doses. The most common are stomach discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, or irritation in the mouth (especially with alcohol-based extracts). Although there is no clearly defined toxic dose, exceeding the recommended daily intake by 3-4 times increases the likelihood of these side effects. If overdose symptoms are noticed, use should be stopped immediately.
Types of Propolis and Extraction
There are significant differences in quality and effect among the propolis products on the market. The main reason for this difference is the processing, or “extraction,” method of the raw propolis. Raw propolis is insoluble in water due to its resinous nature and is mixed with beeswax. For the human body to benefit, the active ingredients (flavonoids) within it must be separated with the help of a solvent. Alcohol or water (or alternative solvents like glycerin/glycol) are generally used for this process.
Alcohol-Based vs. Water-Based Extract: Advantages/Disadvantages
Alcohol (Etanol)-Based Extraction: In this method, food-grade alcohol, usually at a concentration of 60% to 80%, is used. Alcohol is very effective at dissolving the phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the substance. This results in a highly concentrated product with high bioavailability. Its disadvantage is its sharp, bitter, and burning taste. It is also not suitable for children or individuals with alcohol sensitivity.
Water-Based Extraction: In this method, water is used as the solvent (sometimes the technology is supported by glycerin or propylene glycol). Its advantage is that its taste is much milder and it does not contain alcohol. It is ideal for children. Its disadvantage is that water cannot dissolve most of the phenolic compounds. Water-based extracts may contain only 10-20% of the active ingredients compared to alcohol-based ones. This may mean the potential effect is lower.
Standardization: Flavonoid Percentage and Analysis Report
What determines the
quality of the supplement is not the number of drops, but the amount of active ingredients it contains. “Standardization” is the process of guaranteeing that a certain amount of active ingredients (usually total phenolics or flavonoids) is present in every batch of the product. A good extract should clearly state this value (e.g., a percentage like 10%) on its label. Consumers should look at this standardization rate to understand the product’s strength. Reliable manufacturers verify these values with advanced analysis methods. They can provide these analysis reports and quality certificates (good manufacturing practices, food safety certifications, etc.).
Purchasing and Quality–Label
Choosing the right propolis product is just as important as knowing how to use it. Label literacy ensures that one buys a high-quality, standardized supplement instead of an ineffective or additive-filled product. The choice of form (drops, spray, capsule) should be based entirely on individual needs and purpose of use.
What to Look for on the Label and in the Report
When purchasing a high-quality propolis product, the following information on the label should be noted:
- Extraction Method: Is it alcohol-based, water-based, or glycol-based? (This directly affects the product’s strength and area of use.)
- Active Ingredient Ratio: Is the product standardized? Is the “Total Phenolic Substance” or “Total Flavonoid” amount (usually as a % rate) specified on the label?
- Source (Origin): Information on the geographical region (e.g., Anatolia, Brazil) where the raw propolis was collected is important, as the flora of different regions creates different propolis profiles.
- Ingredient List: Does it contain preservatives, sweeteners, colorants, or fillers other than the extract?
- Quality Certificates and Batch No: Having good manufacturing practices or food safety standards provides confidence.
Form Selection: Drops, Spray, Cream, Capsule—In Which Situation?
Which form to choose depends on the intended benefit:
- Drops (Extract): The most versatile form. Ideal for general immune support, daily routine protection, and adding to gargles (1st situation). It is easily consumed by mixing it with water or yogurt.
- Spray: Preferred for acute and local situations (2nd situation). It provides rapid intervention for sore throats, canker sores, or sudden-onset throat itching.
- Cream/Ointment: For external, topical use only (3rd situation). It is used for skin care, supporting minor abrasions, or superficial burns.
- Capsule/Tablet: Suitable for those seeking practicality (4th situation) or those who dislike the strong taste of the substance. It is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract for systemic effect.
Warning/Note: This text is for general informational purposes only; it is not medical advice for personal health conditions, expert opinion is required.
